Information technology interpersonal communication

Information technology interpersonal communication Introduction Information Technology Interpersonal Communication What is Information Technology? Information Technology (IT) is the using of computer and software to manage information (Laura Schneider, About.com). Information Technology have four developing periods, which are Premechanical (3000 B.C-1450 B.C), Mechanical (1450-1840), Electromechanical (1840-1940) and Electronic (1940- Present). The characteristic of Information Technology (IT) uses to solve the input, processing, output and communication issues. However, with the development of the society, Information Technology (IT) plays more important role; it has special charm to effect mankinds life within Arts, Sciences, Education, Commerce and Medical. In fact, Information Technology (IT) has complex functions because of development. The Modern Information Technology Department included Computers, Servers, Database Management Systems, and Cryptography (Laura Schneider, About.com). The department would set up of several system administrators, database administrators. On the other hand, what is interpersonal communication? The Interpersonal Communication (IC) is an extraordinary form that happens when 2 or more people work together with another person and reciprocally influence for each other (Fallkowski, 2002). Contemporary their action denotes that the communication associates are having the same information at the same time. Besides, the reciprocally influence means, which affected by the interaction such as thoughts, feelings, and interpretation. Essentially, Interpersonal Communication is kept and maintained relationships by the human. Moreover, it plays more importance of roles that include People, Messages, Channels, Noises, and Feedbacks. Generally speaking, Interpersonal Communication (IC) can improve people with the education needed for entrance kinds of Careers Company. They will face the challenges of effective communication. Changes Brought by IT In the modern of society, Information Technology (IT) always have a lot of advantages and disadvantages to human; it is an important topic that people can recognize what Information Technology is exactly or mistakenly, and why it also plays the most important role in our daily life. In fact, the world has altered due to assist of Information Technology. The significance of IT can be discovered from the true things that consist of personal PCs, Hand Phones, Fax Machines, Email, and Internet. Communication With the development of the technology, communication has also become that are cheaper, quicker, and more effectiveness. People communicate with anyone around the globe by simply text messaging them or sending them and email for an almost instantaneous response. The internet has also opened up face to face direct communication from diverse parts of the world. The number of websites start to support that user can download different software, songs, movies, and games at anywhere and anytime. Microsoft Network (MSN) is free software of communication that creates E-Mail, Sending Message and Sharing Space. It also builds own personal place (Blogging) on the website (REDMOND, Wash 2004). In fact, people can use internet that understand different news such as business news, political news, educational news, and others in the world. Besides, more and more colleges and companies are beginning to build virtual office telecommuting systems, which are providing working rates. Students can also study their subjects and managers can increase rate of management. Changes In the Way We Learn The rapid development of economy, IT also improves peoples living qualities. When you watched TV or played game, you would think about Information Technology (IT) because many movies and Pc-games were designed by the computer. Actually, Computer and Internet are the best certification, more and more companies pay attention to how to use Information Technology (IT) to manage their company. MAAKL Home Office (MHO) is an unusual software of investment (Personal Money, June 2009), which can be accessed via multi-channels such as a Desktop Computer, Network or Windows Mobile Personal Digital Assistant. Next, Science and Medicine are changed by computer such as Pool Knowledge, Track Complex Behaviors, and Simulate Complex Systems, Patient Care, Research, Special Needs, and Sports Medicine (Roberta Baber, 1997). Moreover, Information Technology (IT) teaches young children how to learn knowledge. In high schools and colleges students can benefit from computer-based learning experience. In ad dition, education does not stop in the classroom; there are much software that students can choose to learning such as Online Dictionary, History, Geography, and Biology. On the other hand, some scientists use Information Technology (IT) to solve transportation problem, which are consisting of Smart Cars, Air Traffic Control, Airline Reservation Systems, Airports, Logistics, Trains, and Travel Guides and Toward the Future (Roberta Baber, 1997). According to the above examples, we can see that the government agencies, education institution, and industrial do not leave Information Technology (IT). Time Efficiency IT has created that it possible for business to be untied all over the globe. This means that a business can open anytime and anywhere, making purchases from different countries easier and more suitable. It also means that you can contain your goods delivered right to your doorstep with having to mover a single muscle. Today the number of people utilize that information can be shared by voice mail, and recorded telephone message can sent from anywhere in the world. Scanners can build a lot of pictures, which change documents. Via fax modems can send documents to a fax machine or photo in other places such as office, building, state, and country. Besides, e-mail has provided the best service to every computer user in daily living (Human Relations, 2006). As a result, we can observe that Information Technology (IT) not only save times and improve working rates, but it also solves barriers of linguistic and geographic boundaries. Cost Effectiveness Information Technology (IT) has helped to computerize the business process therefore streamlining businesses to make them extremely cost effective money making machines. This in turn increases productivity which ultimately gives rise to profits that means better pay and less strenuous working conditions. Nowadays, in high-tech communication environment (Human Relations, 2006), which are more and more companies keep virtual offices and networks of workers are connecting technology. No mater they are at outside, airplane, a motel room and communicate with visa e-mail, cellular phone, and fax modern. Moreover, telecommuting is an arrangement that employee can work in their homes, and people scattered in the world to work as one office employees. According to the above event, it is always elucidation that Information Technology (IT) can bring more benefits to commerce. Junk Mail Junk mail is email that a personality did not ask for, Unsolicited, funny photographs, advertisement, and junk. There is existing many individual personals e-mails, which are including Types of Unsolicited email, Harassing Mail, Chain Mail, Virus Hoaxes, Viruses and Email, and Collateral Spam(Human Relations, 2006). In fact, when someone views the contents, there are many attachments that can shut down an entire operating system. Therefore, the number of jobs will be affected by junk mail. In contrast, some people may accept a little risk because they often use e-mail to contact their friends or relatives. Moreover, almost companies have feedback center, they often use e-mail to solve customers problems. When customers check their e-mail, they may receive viruss mails and junk mails. Thus junk mail also threatens safeties of the computers. Privacy Problem It is commonly believe that Information Technology (IT) is communication quicker, convenient, and easier. However, it has some privacy problems in our daily life. For example, when you are using your call phone or computer, you may face that your private information will be obstructed by other people. Therefore, people are beginning anxious about their individual living changing public news. Hackers will use malicious software that sets up Trojan virus on the website such as Google, Yahoo, or MSN to Troll the Web, the companies retain IP Addresses, Search Content, Browser, and User Locations. People often can hear or look about stars Nude Picture Scandal case. Hong Kong singer and actor Edison Chen happened nude photo scandal on February 21, 2008. (Source China Daily February21, 2008)) As a result, we can observe that Information Technology also has lack of secure guardianship. Lack of Job Security Some experts consider that Information Technology (IT) has made job security this problem, which are keeping updating each day. Generally speaking, many IT people are lack of job securities. In the economy downturn period, there are many IT films that face pressure of finance. Therefore, IT workers have more ideas. Some people think that they hard work each day, but the boss does not pay attention to their efforts. Other people feel that they can not only promote, but they also get fewer salaries. However, some people change new jobs, but they cannot adapt new environments because of subject problem. Moreover, some companies will have mergers, buyouts, downsizings, business closings, and bankrupts. In addition to IT is a bubble economy that has more competitive wars. Finally, IT workers minds become other ideas. Dominant Culture Information Technology (IT) may bring many benefits to human, which are changing communication methods, improving work rate, increasing new opportunity of job, and saving time. However, some people may not suppose that Information Technology (IT) will corrode dominant culture. This means that Information Technologies (IT) have made the world a global village. Humans communication is changed by IT. We can distinguish that many young teenagers all over the world now act, dress and behave. Famous brands involve Lee, KFC, Pizza Hut, and Hollywood Movies. In contrast, languages also have become overshadowed English the first communication skill. There are 20 hundred million people speaking English in the world. Yet, other unusual languages will be disappeared by the English. For the above reasons explain that Information Technology (IT) not only bring a lot of delightful surprises, but it also changes mankinds living. Effective Communication Using IT The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history. With the increasingly rapid economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention. How can improve to use Information Technology in communication? Effective Search Engine Along with the development of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention, one of which is how to effectively improve development of Information Technology (IT) that becomes a big issue. When data or information grows that many companies are using effective search engine that find variety of information of businesses. Some computer engineers create that engines can be developed for particular organization as well as available tools can be used. For instance, Google is the biggest search engine company in the world. It has collected 20 hundred million information Websites. No mater you are staying anywhere or anytime, you can Google to find information. In contrast, Google also continuously develop new Web Search technology into other search services such as Image Search, Google News, Google Product Search, Google Groups, and Google Maps. For the above example, we can get a result that effective search engine of creation may improve to use Information Technology Software Updates Many experts think that software skills have the largest space of development. Examples involve Operating Systems, Database Management Systems, Network Operating Systems, Data Communication Software, and Compilers. For example, Microsoft still develops new operating systems that include Windows95, Windows98, Windows2000, Windows XP, and Windows Vista. On the other hand, Apple is not only manufacturing computers company, it also has new personalized operating systems. Examples include iTunes 9, Safari 4, QuickTime 7, and iWork09 (Top Apple Downloads (2009). In addition, there are almost call phones that have 3G, GPS, and variety of software. For all the events, we can see that those companies have a common new goal. They prefer to develop quicker software skill because of the biggest commercial opportunity. Thus, development of software skill have belonged how to advance Information Technology. Improvement of IT Personnels Ability During the financial downturn, the numbers of IT companies also are attention how to improve information technology personnels workability. Because they can change companys survive or perish. In China, Information Technology (IT) is becoming chief trend; there are a lot of colleges students in which learn Information Technology programs. They realize that China is developing the third economic country in the world. When those students graduate, they will have strong professional knowledge that employs all kinds of Information Technology jobs. On the other words, there are many well-know Information Technology (IT) companies in China such as Sina, Netease, BaiDu, Alibaba, and Eachnet. They build up special HR department that train their IT employees. This method can help to establish a good team, which complete companys task. Moreover, they have one main goal that utilizes the best method in which quickly expand and effectively operate Information Technology (IT) at during short time. E-Commerce Nowadays, we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes have take place in peoples attitude towards some traditional practices. Information Technology (IT) change a lot of peoples living communication methods. In 1960s, banks began to use computer and magnetic ink recognition to automate check processing. In the 1970s and 1980s, business extended their computer based electronic data interchange (Baldauf Ralph Stair). Nowadays, E-Commerce is becoming the type of electronic trading, which is using online transaction of business, featuring linked computer systems of the vendor, host and buyer. Examples include Taobao, Travelocity, Hotels, Amazon, Llbean and CompUSA. These websites also offer the best service to their customer, and they always keep updating their information systems and service skills. IT Products In fact, more and more Information Technology (IT) products are entering into humans living. Examples involve Digital Camera, Business Hand Phone, Mp3, Mp4, and Electronic Dictionary etc. we can see that a lot of companies continuously produce new products, which are satisfying customers requirement. Some companies develop new environmental IT products. This means that use recycling materials and improve product energy efficiency. Besides, IT product proves that peoples living always develop each day. People use IT product records many wonderful events such as birthday party, students meeting, and wedding ceremony. It cannot be denied that there still exist some advantages of Information Technology products. From what has been discussed above, we may draw the effect that Information Technology product can be effective used by people. Electronic Library Electronic Library is devoted to the functions and implications of new technology, digitization, the Internet, user interfaces, automation, and networks in the libraries. Electronic Library has to offer and save function of information that consist of newspaper, books, scientific dissertation, meeting paper, implant case, and work statement. All the above materials will become digital Information Technology. Besides, Electronic Library has a special navigation that help user to find information. Finally, Electronic Library also improves information service, the number of user can easily check, read, and download the best information. All the above suggestions that we can come to the simple conclusion that more and more people are paying attention to how to develop Electronic Library. Digitization Digitization encompasses digital technology of all kinds that serve and support Digital Music, Video, and Graphics. Digitization consists of perception, presentation, display, storage, and transmission. The electronic conversion is accomplished through imaging a process whereby a document is scanned and an electronic representation of the original. With the development of the internet, people begin to use digital media to communicate for each other. In China, there are a lot of businesses of opportunities because digital media is a beginner. More and more films are trying to research and develop digital media in their business. Examples include IPTV, Mobile Telephone (2.5G/3G), and GPS. Besides, Digital Media also affect young persons ideas such as modish dress, songs, and movies. Based on the above discussion and analysis, we can see that Digital Media is becoming a major trend. FaceBook As one of the most important inventions at the twenty-first century, Facebook has a wide application in all aspects of our lives. It plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the world. Facebook is a social networking website that develops humans communication. Some people think that Facebook can construct new communication channels. Users can add friends and send them messages, and update their personal information. Beside, user can join networks organized by workplace, school, and region. Users can use hotmail to find their friends, which are extending their societal opportunities, and they can show their photo, video, daily, and game with their families and friends. User can also set their profiles on public. This allows close friends to send messages and add the user as a friend. Microsoft is Facebooks partner for serving banner advertising; as such Facebook only serves advertisements that exist in Microsofts advertisement inventory. Finally, Facebook has different language systems, which bring a lot of conveniences to human. Conclusion Information Technology (IT) has successful changed humans life styles and it able to create new IT skills though numerous imaginations. IT has proved that it can provide brilliant services to peoples appetence. As a result, those efforts pay off and Information Technology has achieved this difficult mission. Besides, Information Technology (IT) always summarizes its disadvantages and continuously updates date system that does not wash out peoples view line. With the great success, Information Technology (IT) is finding new goal, which is combining with communication. Thus, more and more Information Technology products are coming into families. People also adieux strange living and increase person relationship. However, during the economy downturn in 2008/2009, the number of people are facing unemployed crisis, they lessen a lot of consumption ways. Information also affect so that each IT company may decrease funs to develop new Information Technology skills. In contrast, Information Technology (IT) has shown that there all advantages service to humans communication and it has much potential for development in our daily life. These factors are Effective Search Engine, Software Updates, and Improvement of IT Personnels Ability, E-Commerce, IT Products, Bluetooth, Digitization, and Networking. Each of them has their potentials in giving services to mankind. Reference Reference to Web pages Laura Schneider. Information Technology Definition and History. About.com. Retrieved September16, 2009 From http://jobsearchtech.about.com/od/careersintechnology/p/ITDefinition.htm Introductions to Interpersonal Communications. Mastering Human Relations 3rd Edition, A Fallkowski, (2002). Retrieved September16, 2009 From http://webhome.idirect.com/~kehamilt/ipsyles1.html REDMOD, Wash, Dec 1, (2004).MSN Introduces New Communication Service That Enables Blogging, Picture Sharing and More. Microsoft PressPass. Retrieved September18 2009 From http://www.microsoft.com/presspass/press/2004/dec04/12-01msnwave10pr.mspx Information Technology and globalization. By CSIS. On February15, 2006. Global envision. Retrieved September19 2009 From http://www.globalenvision.org/library/7/970 Top Apple Downloads (2009). All Downloads. Apple Downloads. Retrieved September19 2009 From http://www.apple.com/downloads/ Source China Daily/Agencies (February21, 2008). Edison Chen to quit after nude photo scandal. Peoples Daily Online. Retrieved September20 2009 From http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90782/90875/6358399.html Reference to Text Books and Magazine Succeeding with Technology, 3th Edition by Ken Baldauf Ralph Stair. Retrieved September22 2009 Roberta Linsky. Computers IN Your Future, SECOND EDITION Copyright 1997 by Que Education and Training. Retrieved September18 2009 Personal Money (June 2009). Info at your fingertips with MAAKL Home Office. Tan Su-Yin.Retrieved September18 2009 Macworld (May 2009). Road Tripper, By Ted Wallingford. Retrieved September19 2009. Human Relations, Principles and practices 6th ed. (2006). B.L Brandt, R. Retrieved September20 2009

Themes…. monsters are due on maple street

People who persevere are not stubborn. 4. Fear a. Fear Is powerful and can take over your mind. B. Sometimes fear Is a reasonable reaction. Other times, fear can be Irrational. C. We should fear Ignorant people with the power and authority. D. Ignorant people with power and authority can harm others. E. Fear tends to happen when your rights are gone. F. Fear can cause people to limit your rights. G. Sometimes you have to face your fears. 5. Trust/mistrust a. Mistrust can lead to confusion. B. Trust takes courage. Sometimes we can trust the wrong person (people). Ere (The Obsolete Man) 6. Leadership a. Don't always trust your leaders. B. Not all leaders are trustworthy. C. Don't follow bad leaders who take away your natural rights to life, liberty, and property. 7. Worthiness a. People who are worthy of leadership are fair, respectful, trustworthy, do what's best for the common good, and don't always make the popular decision, but they try to make the right decision. 8. Ignorance 9. A bsurdity 10. Confusion 11. Judgment 2.Curiosity 13. Manipulation 14. Truth/lees 15. Misunderstanding 16. Change 18. Blame Have you ever stood on your front porch, looking at a mob of people accusing you of being an alien? Less Goodman, a resident of Maple Street, knows exactly how this feels. In the short story, The Monsters are Due on Maple Street, by Rod Serving there is a strong theme of Summary of story here. Ladled;Jeff;alkyds;asked;saddle;saddle;fjords;Sofas;JDK;Alasdair;aside;fjords;Sofas Thematic statement here. Explanation of statement.

Revelation Essay - 778 Words

Revelation The opening lines of the poem initiate the main themes; â€Å"Black bull† introduces one of the themes which are gender stereotyping. This suggests the bull is powerful, strong and very angry. Females are then introduced in the poem, â€Å"eggs and milk†. This suggests females are pale, delicate and easily broken. The poet highlights the theme of stereotypes by placing â€Å"black bull† above â€Å"eggs and milk†. This is to effectively state that the black bull is on top of eggs and milk which emphasises on the importance of gender stereotyping. The second theme is introduced which is innocence and experience, â€Å"They call him Bob – as though perhaps you could reduce a monster with the charm of a friendly name†. Tone her is cynical. The bull†¦show more content†¦In the girls eyes the eggs and milk are precious, and she wants to protect them from any harm. â€Å"in case the milk should spill† The precarious position of the milk is highlighted in the small hands of a weak girl, who has been charged with the responsibility of looking after the eggs and milk. She is protecting what is important to her. The poet seems to be suggesting that her experience shows that females are scared of males and have to protect themselves from any harm. Females protect all forms of life, they are caring and sensibleShow MoreRelatedEssay on General Revelations of God1007 Words   |  5 Pagesleading theologians attest that individuals have a limited knowledge of God through general revelation in the natural world. General revelation can provide valid knowledge that there is a God, which aids in the acceptance of special revelation. General revelation is an individuals ability to gain knowledge of God through his presence in the world. The knowledge we are able to gain through general revelation is limited. It doesnt bring salvation and tells very little about Gods character, butRead MoreThe Book of Revelation Essay2606 Words   |  11 PagesThis essay will argue that the eschatology of the Book of Revelation forms an integral part of John’s attempt within the pages of his book to form a literary world in which the forms, figures, and forces of the earthly realm are critiqued and unmasked through the re-focalization of existence from the perspective of heaven. It will attempt to show that, in response to the social, political, religious, and economic circumstances of his readers, the Book of Revelation forms a counter imaginative realityRead MoreExploring Revelation Essay558 Words   |  3 PagesExploring Revelation What is revelation? There are many different uses of the word revelation. 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A Portrait of The Deluded Artist Essay - 1644 Words

Few novels capture the peculiarity of the human mind as well as James Joyce’s, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Frustrating and awe-inspiring at the same time, the fleeting ambiguity with which Joyce depicts Stephen’s character leave the reader often puzzled and asking the natural question, â€Å"What is this supposed to mean?† We can then remain in this state of perplexity or try to interpret the subtle clues, dispersed throughout the book, in hope of arriving closer to the hidden meaning of what the author’s intention was for his readers to comprehend. Perhaps the most unsatisfying obscurity of this novel is its ending—is Stephen successful in becoming the liberated artist he aspires to be? Is he truly released from the bounds of†¦show more content†¦Growing up in a Catholic family and attending Jesuit school, Stephen recognizes his sexual desires as wrong and feels guilty as a result. Due to this clash between sexual morality an d his desires, Stephen develops the belief, even if unconsciously, that according to God it is wrong to feel any desire at all. As a result, when he becomes radically religious, his feelings of guilt follow him everywhere he goes. In response, he persuades himself that by stripping his mind of any concept of beauty, pleasure, or desire whatsoever, he can purify himself. He goes to great lengths to mortify his senses by subjecting himself to noises which cause him â€Å"painful nervous irritation† and to odors â€Å"against which his sense of smell revolted† (Joyce 127). This type masochistic tendency of making himself uncomfortable, in belief that it is somehow pleasing to God, fails to acknowledge that his highly developed aesthetic appreciation is part of his identity. Instead of embracing this gift, perhaps given to him by God who after all would be the creator of anything beautiful, Stephen sets himself up for failure for one cannot deny himself to such extent for ever. When he then experiences a feeling of overwhelming beauty as he sees the girl on the beach, he inevitably feels bound by his religion to be free to enjoy it. Stephen’s transformation into an artist free from the restrains of religion, or anything for that matter, is, however, only superficial. Even though he shunsShow MoreRelatedArtemisia Gentileschi1979 Words   |  8 Pageswas fifteen years old and her rapist, Agistino Tassi, was about 32. At the beginning of the year Artemisia declared that the previous year, at his home in via della Croce, her perspective teacher had raped her. Agostino Tassi, after the rape, had deluded to marry her - causing the girl to behave more uxorio - but when she discovered the deception, she informed his father that made an appealed to the justice. 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The very presence of the house is enough to draw Laura back into the world of young, party hostess; her family and home have the affect of pushing her into the role of youngest, female child of a wealthy family: whimsical, self absorbed, deluded, and subordinate. Laura makes her lunch date with Kitty (garden lunch dates create the image of high society), and suggests to Kitty (as Mrs. Sheridan orders) that she wear the sweet hat that she had previously worn to the Sheridans. This commentRead MoreThe Black Swan and Human Perfectionism Essay4892 Words   |  20 Pageshuman being? It is true that perfection is something everybody strives for, to help them succeed in the things they propose for their lives. Many people aspire to be perfect in different ways, it could be a mother, a student, a teacher or even an artist with that desire of reaching perfection, but do we know the real meaning of this word? 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He has turned his skill as a former graffiti artist into designing T-shirts, and creates at least four slogans a week. . . . Mrs Texaco who is deputy editor of Trend Week has her work space kitted out as the cafà © bar of a hamlet in the Carpathians. . . . On the streets the yob is a creature of theRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesrecords. Now considered a kind of classic, their artistry rivaled that of women painters and sculptors. Frieda Kalho, a Mexican painter, mingled the imagery of native peoples, Catholicism, and Mexican forms in her stirring, sometimes grim and lush portraits of herself as the Virgin Mary, a wheelchair victim, or a tortured woman wrapped in chains while garbed in vividly colored clothing. In the Soviet Union, women were pioneers in the coming of modern art that was abstract. 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The Impact Of Hip Hop Music On America - 1491 Words

As furthest back that we can recall, there was Africa. It is from Africa that all of today’s Black American music whether it be Jazz, Rhythm and Blues Soul or Electro music etc., is either indirectly or directly descended from all African culture and tradition. Today, Hip-hop music in America is generally considered to have been pioneered out of New York s South Bronx in the early 1970’s by a Jamaican-born DJ Herc. By the time mid-1970s, New York s hip-hop gained wide-spread popularity and the scene was dominated by seminal turn-tablists DJs Grandmaster Flash, Herc and Afrika Bambaataa. The rappers of a group named â€Å"Sugarhill Gang† produced hip-hop s first commercially successful hit, Rapper†¦show more content†¦Hip Hop is more than just music, it is a culture. Over the past three nearly four decades, Hip Hop has influenced and uplifted Black America, speaking out for generations of families whilst providing a voice to a group of people trying to d eliver a message both politically and therapeutically and some may say at times also very controversially. It was viewed as â€Å"street language† or â€Å"ghetto† due to its harsh language, associations with explicit sex, alcohol, gambling, street gang violence, drugs, and even prostitution. During the uprising of Hip Hop there was a marked rapid increase in street violence and drug use known as the â€Å"Crack era† during the late 80’s and early 90’s as some say it was the directly influenced by Hip Hop music . Marked at times as retaliation toward law enforcement, most Hip Hop songs and that time was focused on the unfairness and inequality of Black Americans amongst American society. Heavily criticized in the 1980 s, Hip-Hop still managed to enter mainstream in the 1990 s and by the early 2000 s, it was the mainstream music genre replacing the likes of more contemporary music. By constantly

Imf -Role for Developing Countries Free Essays

string(41) " basic failure of structural adjustment\." Introduction: International Monetary Fund (IMF),is a specialized agency of the United Nations, established in 1945. It was planned at the Bretton Woods Conference (1944), and its headquarters are in Washington, D. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Imf -Role for Developing Countries or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is close collaboration between it and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Its primary mission is to ensure stability in the international monetary system. The IMF provides policy advice and financing to member countries with economic problems. The organization, using a fund subscribed by the member nations, purchases foreign currencies on application from its members so as to discharge international indebtedness and stabilize exchange rates. The IMF currency reserve units are called Special Drawing Rights (SDRs); from 1974 to 1980 the value of SDRs was based on the currencies of 16 leading trading nations. Since 1980 it has been reevaluated every five years and based on the relative international economic importance of the British pound sterling, the European Union euro (formerly the French franc and German mark), the Japanese yen, and the U. S. dollar. To facilitate international trade and reduce inequities in exchange, the fund has limited power to set the par value of currencies. Members are provided with technical assistance in making monetary transactions. In 1995 the fund moved to increase disclosure requirements of countries borrowing money and at the same time created an emergency bailout fund for countries in financial crisis. IMF was criticized in 1998 for exacerbating the Asian financial crisis, through the fund’s decision to require Asian nations to raise their interest rates to record levels. During the international financial crisis of the early 21st century the IMF provided loans and access to credit of more than $100 billion to developing countries that were affected by falling demand for their exports and other financial problems. Instead of increasing government expenditure and boosting domestic demand, local employment and economic activity to overcome the recession, the IMF is cutting spending and increasing tariffs and taxes in already contracting economies for the express purpose of maintaining low inflation and fiscal deficit rates, flexible exchange rates, and trade and financial liberalization. In this paper we try to analyze effect of reduced government expenditure for developing countries that sought aid on dealing with currency crisis. We also analyze the reasons behind strict monetary policy prescribed by IMF. Our analysis provides a framework that would help improve IMF’s approach in future. Reasons behind strict monetary policy: IMF claims upon maintaining transparency in setting up operation, but it is actually extremely secretive. In recent years, as criticism about this policy has grown, IMF has made certain parameters of structural adjustment of various developing countries public. Although IMF assumes a dominating role in structuring policies for affected nations, it imposes its policies on them rather than involving them in the decision making process. Key structural adjustment measures include: †¢ Privatizing government-owned enterprises and government-provided services, †¢ Slashing government spending, †¢ Orienting economies to promote exports, †¢ Trade and investment liberalization, †¢ Higher interest rates, eliminating subsidies on consumer items such as foods, fuel and medicines and tax increases The basic idea of these policies is to shrink the size and role of government, rely on market forces to distribute resources and services and integrate poor countries into the global economy. Also, despite pledges to address the crisis in flexible and innovative ways, the IMF’s key objective in crisis loans remained ‘macroeconomic stability’ through the ‘tightening of monetary and fiscal policies’ with below objectives: †¢   Lowering fiscal deficits and inflation levels †¢   Buffering international reserves †¢ Reducing or restraining public spending   Increasing official interest rates or restraining the growth of the money supply †¢   Preventing currency depreciation Structural Adjustments in IMF policy: Structural adjustments have been successful at its intended efforts to diminish the scope of government and to integrate developing countries into the global economy. But they have failed by many other measures. By and lar ge, countries undergoing structural adjustment have not experienced economic growth, even in the medium term. Main Reasons include: †¢ The IMF caters to wealthy countries and Wall Street: Dominating decision power and voting power has made US a largest shareholder of IMF of rich countries. Disproportional amount of power held by wealthy countries translates into decisions that benefit wealthy bankers, investors and corporations from industrialized countries at the expense of sustainable development. †¢ The IMF is imposing a fundamentally flawed development model IMF forces countries from the Global South to prioritize export production over the development of a diversified domestic economy. i. e. hift from food production for local consumption to the production of crops for export to the industrialized countries. Small businesses and farmers can’t compete with large multinational corporations. Thus the cycle of poverty is perpetuated, not eliminated. †¢ IMF Policies hurt the environment The IMF does not consider environmental impacts of lending policies; and environmental ministries and groups are not included in policy making. The focus on export gro wth to earn hard currency to pay back loans means unsustainable liquidation of natural resources. This happened with the bailouts of Brazil, Indonesia, and Russia–countries that are renowned for their great biodiversity The IMF bails out rich bankers, creating a moral hazard and greater instability in the global economy The IMF pushes countries to dismantle trade and investment rules, as well as raise interest rates in order to lower inflation. The removal of regulations that might limit speculation has greatly increased capital investment in developing country financial markets. More than $1. 5 trillion crosses borders every day. This capital is short-term, unstable, and puts countries at the whim of financial speculators. The Mexican 1995 peso crisis was partly a result of these IMF policies. Impact of Structural reforms on developing countries and its evaluation: Those developing countries that have experienced the greatest economic successes in recent decades have violated many of the central precepts of structural adjustment. They have protected certain parts of their economy, and they have maintained an active governmental role in economic planning. A review of policies sponsored by the IMF illustrated the basic failure of structural adjustment. You read "Imf -Role for Developing Countries" in category "Papers" Countries undergoing such structural adjustment experienced stagnating growth rates and saw their foreign debt nearly double-dramatic evidence of failure, since reducing foreign debt is one of ESAF’s ostensible purposes. As per reports, the two regions with the most structural adjustment experience, per capital income has stagnated (Latin America) or collapsed (Africa, where per capita income dropped more than 20 percent between 1980 and 1997). The emphasis on exports tends to be socially disruptive, especially in rural areas. Poor subsistence farmers frequently find their economic activity described as nonproductive, and experience land pressures from expanding agribusinesses, timber companies and mines. Pushed off their land, they frequently join the ranks of the urban unemployed, or move onto previously unsettled, and frequently environmentally fragile, lands. Structural adjustment has generally contributed to rising income and wealth inequality in the developing countries, a fact tacitly acknowledged by both recently retired IMF Managing Director Michel Camdessus and World Bank President James Wolfensohn. Consider the Asian meltdown caused in large part by South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia, which was caused by heavy reliance on short-term foreign loans. When it became apparent that private enterprises in those nations would not be able to meet their payment obligations, international currency markets panicked. Currency traders sought to convert their Asian money into dollars, and the Asian currencies plummeted. That made it harder for the Asian countries to pay their loans, and it made imports suddenly very expensive. The IMF’s usual policy of countries not meeting their balance of payments due to increased value imports and reduced exports was reapplied here. Treating the Asian Financial crisis like other situations, IMF made arrangements for loans to enable these countries to payoff their debts. But IMF placed the condition that the countries would adopt the structural adjustment policies. But they failed to understand that the Asian crisis condition differed from this situation. Like, even though Asian countries did not run budget deficits, they were compelled to restrict government spending which further deepened their slowdown. The Fund failed to manage an orderly roll over of short-term loans to long-term loans, which was most needed; and it forced governments, including in South Korea and Indonesia to guarantee private debts owed to foreign creditors. In retrospect, even the IMF would admit that it made things worse in Asia. Malaysia stood out as a country that refused IMF assistance and advice. Instead of further opening its economy, Malaysia imposed capital controls, in an effort to eliminate speculative trading in its currency While the IMF mocked this approach when adopted, the Fund later admitted that it succeeded. Malaysia generally suffered less severe economic problems than the other countries embroiled in the Asian financial crisis. Considering example of Pakistan,   Pakistan is among the most frequent users of IMF loans, having borrowed IMF money 12 times since 1980. However, 10 of these programmes were abandoned midway due to Pakistan’s failure to fully adopt the IMF’s policy recommendations. Undue US interference, inadequate political analysis capacities within the IMF, inappropriate sequencing and over-ambitious agendas given the short loan durations were the main reasons . For example, Pakistan was advised to reduce import duties before it developed alternative taxation measures to cover the ensuing tax revenue shortfalls. This increased Pakistan’s public debt significantly as it had to borrow to cover the resulting fiscal deficits. However, Pakistan must partly share the blame since it accepted the loan conditions. Same happened with for some African countries, which lack both the technical capacities to analyse the IMF conditions and alternative financing options The IMF’s structural adjustment prescriptions for countries suffering through the Asian financial crisis were roundly denounced, including by many conservative and mainstream economists and opinion makers. The widespread criticism of the Fund undermined its political credibility. The IMF response has been to make some minor concessions in making its documents more publicly available, limiting its demands that countries liberalize their capital markets (including by allowing unlimited trade in their currency, and permitting foreign investors to invest in domestic stocks and bonds without restriction), and increasing its rhetorical commitment to paying attention to poverty in its structural adjustment programs. But the financial crisis, aggravated due to IMF’sstructural policy, had alreadyled to massive human suffering. â€Å"IMF suicides† became common among workers who lost their jobs and dignity. In Indonesia, the worst hit country, poverty rates rose from an official level of 11 percent before the crisis to 40 to 60 percent in varying estimates. GDP declined by 15 percent m one year. IMF policies exacerbated the economic meltdown in countries hit by the Asian financial crisis. Mandated reductions in government spending worsened the Asian nation’s recessions and depressions. And the forced elimination of price controls and subsidies for the poor imposed enormous costs of the lowest income strata’s. In Indonesia, food and gasoline prices rose 25 to 75 percent overnight or in the course of a few days. Although most developing countries are in need of fundamental reform along the general economic principles advocated by the IMF, the problem lies with the specifics of the IMF reform agenda. Thus as per the latest records, most successful East Asian countries have adopted IMF’s principles but have utilized very different specific tools which preserve long-term development, unlike IMF-recommended tools. Instead of widespread immediate privatization, China initially introduced managerial incentive systems in agriculture and industry. This boosted Chinese productivity without the massive economic ruin that the IMF-advised mass-scale privatization caused in Russia in the 1990s. In fact, no developing country sticking entirely to the IMF approaches has achieved the type of success achieved by East Asian countries. Towards growth- and development-oriented fiscal and monetary policies: A more development-oriented macroeconomic policy stance is necessary in order to generate the quantum leap in resources that LICs need to finance large-scale new investments in economic and social infrastructure, which includes the specific MDG (Millennium Development Goals) goals in the health and education sectors, and job creation. Progress on poverty reduction and basic human development has historically required, and continues to require, such a critical degree of spending and investment in the domestic economy. In order to support the achievement of the MDGs, IMF policies need to change: †¢ Support of active use of fiscal policy to for public investments and public spending to build essential economic and social infrastructures. Future revenues expected from the investment should pay off the debt that the government initially incurred. The IMF should encourage more expansionary monetary options that better enable domestic firms and consumers to access affordable credit for expanding production, employment, and increased contributions to the domestic tax base. Monetary policy should thus maintain low real interest rates, rather than ineffectively trying to keep inflation low with high interest rates which dampen aggregate demand and growth prospects. The IMF should permit the regulation of the capital ac count to confront the continuous inflow, as well as outflow, of private capital from national economies, i. e. ‘capital flight’. Now the question lies, whether the IMF is actually concerned about sustainable development? If yes, then the emphasis should not be on IMF pushing the countries to adopt its structural policies in exchange of the debt funds. Instead, IMF’s influence and power needs to be reduced so it has less say over developing country policies. How to cite Imf -Role for Developing Countries, Papers

A Modest Proposal A Satirical Solution for Gender Inequality free essay sample

FOR PREVENTING THE ESCALATION AND LONG TERM PERPETUATION OF GENDER INEQUALITY It is a melancholy object to those women who are unfortunate enough to be flourishing in this current day in the place we call earth. Women today are unfortunate enough to face dreadful conditions just because they do not inhabit the â€Å"correct† carcass of a male.This hostel environment has caused female individuals to have to deal with hardships, such as having lower pay, not having equal job opportunities, and in the most abysmal cases abuse from a male.This excruciating painful environment could lead to a complete revolution ofall women, starting an all out war of the sexes, if the women are to win this war men will turn into slaves of the corrupt government, which would be controlled by the women dominated government. Then therewould be nothing stopping from the mass extinction of men, in a gender genocide. I think is is agreed by all parties that the life threatening occurrence of gender inequality is a universe wide problem that stems from men thinking that they are in complete and total power.Gender inequality is a predicament that involves the whole world. This problem can be fixed my men being less ignorant, and for governments to step in and make laws providing women with all the same rights, and opportunities as men.If anyone is able to get world leaders to come together and make such simple rules they would deserve the Nobel Peace Prize, and be considered as the saviour of society. But my intention is far from being confined to provide only for the betterment of the world,but to make society come together as a whole.People need to start looking at each other as people and not as a gender, the world needs to have a better relationship, and to do this everyone needs to be the same. If everyone is the same there is no way to discriminate against a mass group of people.With everyone equal and virtually unable to be discriminated against, the economy will be able to flourish with everyone being able to contribute in some way shape or form. As to my own part, I have studied from proposals of other projectors, and concluded that they are, not nearly as efficient as they claim to be. The generalanswers of this unfortunate circumstance,are basic laws making it illegal to deny women a job, housing, and even making sure women have the same pay as men. These regulations are not rigorous enough to combat the epidemic of gender inequality. If this issue is not contained in the coming years we will be forced to decide what we need more, the man or the women, becausemass extinction of a gender is clearly prevident if the two cannot coexistwith each other.I have set forth and idea that will eliminate all forms of gender inequality, while keeping everyone happy and verifying no one is considered a â€Å"minority.† I will now present my own idea, which I hope will not be subject to any disagreement I humbly offer it to public consideration that humankind as a cohesive and cooperative unit, shouldall be recognized not as a gender, but as one unit know as â€Å"mankind.†No more will we have social tags such as â€Å"virile† and â€Å"muliebrity† but known as an ensemble of â€Å"homosapians.† Furthermore everyone with a pulse will be requiredto go to the closest courthouse and have their gender completely eliminated from their birth certificate.This will cause everyone to be identified as the same thing, and there will be no worry about any gender inequality when everyone is just identified as a â€Å"human.†When people adapt to the new identification society will blend and everyone will learn to be happy with each other, while not a single person has to suffer for not being a â€Å"male.† In this scenario, when everyone is blended into one big society of â€Å"homosapians†everyone will be forced tocoeincide with each other, andthey wont be able to label their fellow humans with a gender.Everyone will soon have the same pay, will no longer face abuse, and in some extreme cases finally be considered citizens. Many homosapians may be confused for a few years, and maybe even irate of the new change but with everyone equal the statistics of people being mistreated based on gender will collapse to literally nothing. Of course people may be able to tell a gender difference based on how someone may dress, to counteract this everyone will also be required to wear the same blue T-shirt, and jeans when going out in public. This seems like an intense proposition, but it will indeed make society a less aggressive place to live for women, and the change will we be accepted by all women(now considerd homosapians) everywhere.This outfit will also be provided to every human being so money will not be an issue for anyone. These drastic and sudden changes, will be problematic to establish due to the obstinacy of many people of todays society. There will always berebellious people in this day and age so there will be a group of people who will decide to refuse to dress as they should, or refuse to get their birth certificate updated. Although these people will exist, with the mass majority of people doing what should every person will be living in a happy place full of equality and optimism. I can think of no valid objection that may be introduced to antagonize this proposal, except for the certainty that almost all fashion business will most likely go out of business, do to everyone being forced to wear the shirt and jeans costume provided by the government.This could be problematic, but withalmost 4 billion women now not being identified as a gender that can now be 100% equal no one will care about those business, and will be happy with one of the worlds most colossal problem finally being situated. Again, no one should dare to suggest these notions to me until they have a small spark of hope that these actions may be implemented. It is not that I do not respect the input of others on the subject of solutions to this topic, but simply that I have spent 30 lifetimes researching this topic, and have detected that my solution is the only one due to the supernatural power people have avoiding the law, with the solution presented within the next 10 years every homosapien will have slowly converted to the new rules, and everyone will have the correct information on a birth certificate, and the correct kind of outfit to be worn outside.